Apple cider vinegar C
The claimed effects on weight are not reproduced; the data of the studies raise serious doubts
Citable fact
«Apple cider vinegar» — evidence level C. Dosage: The studies used 15–30 ml of vinegar per day (1–2 tablespoons) diluted in water. A critical review in 2025 showed that the data characteristics in such studies are implausible and the effect sizes disproportionately large; there is no reproducible dose with proven benefit. Source: PMID 40771528, permanent link to the source in the list below.
How it works
Acetic acid slows gastric emptying and may slightly reduce the glycemic response to a meal. No direct effect on energy expenditure or lipolysis in humans has been confirmed.
Dosage and intake
The studies used 15–30 ml of vinegar per day (1–2 tablespoons) diluted in water. A critical review in 2025 showed that the data characteristics in such studies are implausible and the effect sizes disproportionately large; there is no reproducible dose with proven benefit.
Usually before a meal or before bed. The rationale is weak, and intake before bed additionally increases the risk of enamel damage if the teeth are not brushed afterwards.
Forms
Liquid vinegar, less often capsules with powder and complexes where vinegar is listed as one of the components. The concentration of acetic acid in products is not standardized.
What is confirmed
- A 2025 review found implausible data characteristics and extreme effect sizes in published studies on vinegar and weight loss
- A 2020 review of weight-loss supplements does not classify vinegar as an agent with proven effectiveness
- A small reduction in post-meal glycemia is possible, but clinical significance with a normal diet has not been shown
Adverse effects and limitations
- Acetic acid damages tooth enamel and, when taken orally, irritates the esophagus and stomach
- Heartburn, nausea, sore throat, exacerbation of gastritis and reflux are possible
- Cases of chemical burns of the esophagus have been described with undiluted vinegar and with tablet overdose
- Taking it instead of correcting the diet gives no result and delays solving the problem
Interactions
- May enhance the effect of glucose-lowering drugs and insulin
- With diuretics it affects potassium balance; caution with digoxin
Who must not use it
- Under 18 years: Not recommended.
- Pregnancy and lactation: Not recommended in concentrated form; there are no data on benefits.
- gastroesophageal reflux
- gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
- diabetes on insulin
- hypokalemia
Sources
- Improbable data characteristics and extreme effects of apple cider vinegar on weight loss · Malbouby V, Trexler ET, Heathers J · BMJ nutrition, prevention & health, 2025 · PMID 40771528
- Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review · Watanabe M, Risi R, Masi D · Nutrients, 2020 · PMID 32962190
See also
Open in the app
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